The Beach 19th Century Essay Example

The Beach 19th Century Essay ‘The seaside was never a place of escape – it has always been a place with its own strict codes of behaviour. ’ Do you agree? What is meant by a code of behaviour? This is a question that can be applied to the way we act and present ourselves in every environment and situation that we find ourselves in daily. What may be socially acceptable to one group may well be frowned upon or even vilified by others. Our behaviour within society has almost certainly changed from generation to generation and a good indicator for this has been the perceived behaviour and appearance when on holiday by the seaside. The way the British and European populace has dress for the beach has been dictated by two main factors, our class back ground and generation timelines. When trips to the beach for recreation reasons were first undertaken it was very much only the middle and upper classes within society who could afford to do so. It was therefore the elite members of the populace that set the standards of behaviour and bearing that were to be expected. As we will see later, it was only when the working and lowers classes began to undertake trips to seaside resorts, that these standards were to be compromised. We will write a custom essay sample on The Beach 19th Century specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on The Beach 19th Century specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on The Beach 19th Century specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer Class has also been a good indicator of the attire that one wears. During the late 19th century all classes of society used the way they presented at the beach to achieve two main aims: to feel special and also to impress their friends and strangers (Place and Leisure p. 133). People would certainly use their class status and therefore dress to impress. Upper and middle classes appeared too overdressed and they could afford to do so. The working or lower classes could afford to be less choosey and often wore their best working or Sunday clothes. It was therefore possible to see many forms of dress on the main promenade and the beach itself. William Porters 1965 guide to Blackpool points out that all walks of life can be seen walking, sitting, reclining and riding ‘in every variety of costume along the sands and parade above’ (Place and Leisure p133). We clearly then have firm evidence that in the later stages of the 19th century that there was an expected form of dress, set by the higher classes within society, that all visitors were expected to conform to. This can be almost compared to as a form of uniform as uniformity was the least xpected. We can clearly see evidence of the formal types of dress codes in the several of the paintings and pictures contained in the resources Illustration Booklet provide for the course. Let’s first of all look at the painting by Edouard Manet (Plate 4. 4. 16 p. 113). The image that he has created perfectly displays the attitude of late 19th beach wear. The females in the painting are almost dressed for a formal occasion. The children are in no way less dressed and give the impression that their attire is more akin to Sunday school than a day of fun at the beach. There is an obvious lack of flesh on display which is in line with the prudish nature of adults during that era. They have in no way compromised what they wear to accommodate the weather conditions. There is no thought of removing clothes to cool down but an obvious use of paroles by both male and females to keep the heat of the sun at bay. If we then move on to the black and white photographs taken by an unknown photographer of the crowds at Margate beach (Plate 4. 4. 23 p. 120) and the picture taken by Rischgitz of the donkeys and crowds on Blackpool beach (Plate 4. . 24 p. 121) we seen no compromise in their clothing in the 30 years beyond Manet painting. There are some signs that there is a degree of cultural divergence in the two pictures, what we assume as the north/south divide today. There is a more middle class feel to the Margate picture, the cut of their clothes is better and the activity, watching a band perform, is more formal than the activities a Blackpool. Both pictur es have also been taken at the height of the industrial revolution, a time when the north of England was filled with â€Å"dark satanic mills† nd the working classes were actively encourage to â€Å"escape the clogs, smoke and grime† (Figure 4. 17 p. 152) of the industrial towns and cities and spend their new found wealth in resorts such as Blackpool. Working class families now had money to spend and the means to travel around the country. During the inter and post Second World War periods there was a clear shift towards a more informal dress code at the beach. The seaside was still a place to dress to impress but there was much more flesh now on show as can be clearly seen by the 3 generations of a working class family (Figure 4. p. 135, Place and Leisure) posing on the beach. There was still a degree of formality with many who took to the beach and as with the grandfather figure in the picture; some habits are hard to break. Why was there this shift in the way we dr essed, especially post war? The social standing of woman in society could very well have a direct influence on this. Women over the age of 30 got the right to vote in 1918 and they went on to received equal voting rights to men in 1928 (Dalal, 2010, p. 95 and p. 98). Roles under taken by women during the war (Drifte, 2011) gave them a degree of liberation and their own voice. We can see clear evidence of the new culture of women’s beach wear in Shanklin on the Isle of Wight in 1926 (Figure 4. 12 p. 141) during the inter war period and the beach models in 1955 (Figure 4. 14 p. 143) post Second World War. The exposed expanses of flesh are in stark contrast to what people had seen before but it is obvious that the women present are merely conforming to the beach dress code of the time. Music has often influenced our view of the seaside. The Beach Boys certainly gave the impression that a fun time could be had and the Who are often associated with blood and violence. How then have two differing styles of music have an influence on our perceived behaviour of what it is like to go to the beach? The Beach boys While we have seen how music creates an idyllic atmosphere, behaviour at the beach cannot just be judged by the way in which we dress and present ourselves. The period during the 1960’s saw seaside resorts not just a place to get away from it all, but as weekend and bank holiday battlegrounds. Influenced by differing musical cultures, Mods and Rockers would descend, mainly into southern seaside resorts, to dispel the idea that holiday destinations were solely for fun and relaxation. Fashion, social standing and drugs were all part of the tribalism mix that â€Å"smeared the traditional postcard scene with violence and blood† (Daily Express, 19th May 1964) on the beaches of Margate and Brighton. The impact of the violent clashes had a deep a far reaching impact on British society. Who wanted to sit enjoying the sun and ice-cream only to be disturbed by rampaging young British men whose main disagreement was whether the Who or Elvis produced the better rock music? Mods and Rockers had no respect for the traditions of the seaside and the government of the time came down hard on the offenders (On this Day 18th May BBC News Website) with many receiving lengthy prison sentences. The question remains how two different factions could be driven to violence over there choice of music and clothes and whether this violent turn of events would be the new standard of behaviour that was to be expected on our visits to the seaside. In conclusion then we can see that the seaside was a place to escape your normal daily routine and an opportunity that was afforded only to middle and upper classes. They abided by a code of conduct that dictated both dress and behaviour. Over the years and with the ability of the lowers class to experience the joy the seaside resorts, this code of conduct has been eroded to the standards that we see today.

Management Using Data Mining And Data Warehousing Information Technology Essay Example

Management Using Data Mining And Data Warehousing Information Technology Essay Example Management Using Data Mining And Data Warehousing Information Technology Essay Management Using Data Mining And Data Warehousing Information Technology Essay Data excavation has been used for happening utile and related information from different beginnings ; Data Warehousing has been used for hive awaying organisation informations it is merely like a shop, Knowledge direction ( KM ) has been used for pull offing the cognition. The job of big sum of informations in the organisations, it is challenge for determination shapers to command the informations ( Shaw, Subramaniam, A Tan, A ; A Welge, 2001 ) . In 1999, it was estimated that 30 % of houses informations warehouses contained greater than one trillion characters of informations ( Bransten, 1999 cited in Heinrichs, A ; A Lim, 2003 p.103 ) . Harmonizing to Shaw et Al ( 2001 ) the information repositing and knowledge direction contribute for informations excavation procedure. Data excavation techniques can be used for detecting undeveloped forms of informations signifier informations warehouses ( Nemati, Steiger, Iyer A ; Herschel, 2002 ) . Data excavation is a procedure of nontrivial extraction of implicit, antecedently unknown, and potentially utile information from databases ( Chen, Han, A ; Yu, 1996 cited in Chen, Chen A ; A Tung, 2006 p.1505 ) It is really difficult to mange and do determinations organize immense sum of informations. Organizations or even little concerns want their informations to be meaningful, manageable and optimized. Time is money and organisations do nt desire to blow their clip to seek records from different beginnings ( Han A ; Kamber 2006 ) . Sometimes directors need to take speedy determinations and it is difficult for them because related information is stored in different formats and even on different locations and organisations do nt desire to blow clip. The information size is traveling to increase and it is really difficult for a determinations shaper to pull out related information from immense sums of informations ( Han A ; Kamber 2006 ) . In this study how determination devising from immense sum of informations by utilizing informations excavation techniques ( Han A ; Kamber 2006 ) . In this study, how we extract our interesting form from database. The remaining of the study is divided into following subdivisions. In subdivision 2, is about background of the DSS, KM, DM, Data repositing and connexion between DSS, KM, DM, and informations warehousing. In Section 3 is a instance survey of Ghani Group of companies procurement section presented, in subdivision 4 is how informations excavation assisting to determination devising is discussed in subdivision 5 is about treatment and future work and in the last subdivision 6 is decision of the study. 2. Theory 2.1 Overview of DSS Decision devising is a really tuff and encephalon storming undertaking. It can be more tuff and negative affect non merely concern even your personal life, if you have non good information about background cognition of the undertaking. If you have good background cognition and history of any relevant determination that you have made it can be really helpful for doing determination. The construct of DSSs was introduced, from a theoretical point of position, in the late sixtiess ( Zopounidis, Doumpos A ; Matsatsinis, 1997 p.260 ) . We have needs determination support system for doing rapidly and acquiring positive consequences on our concern. What is determination support system? Harmonizing to Keen and Scott Morton s ( 1978, p 1 ) cited in ( Alenljung, 2008 ) : Decision support implies the usage of computing machines to: ( 1 ) Aid directors in their determination processes in semi structured undertakings. ( 2 ) Support, instead than replace, managerial judgement. ( 3 ) Better the effectivity of determination doing instead than its efficiency. And how is work. Harmonizing to Turban s ( 1990, p 109 ) definition cited in ( Alenljung, 2008 ) : A DSS is an synergistic, flexible, and adaptable CBIS [ Computer-Based Information System ] that utilizes determination regulations, theoretical accounts, and theoretical account bases coupled with a comprehensive database and the determination shaper s ain penetrations, taking to specific, implementable determinations in work outing jobs that would non be conformable to direction scientific discipline optimisation theoretical accounts per Se. Therefore, a DSS supports complex determination devising and increases its effectivity. A DSS is a computing machine based, user friendly, support for different determination devising at different managerial degrees, efficient and effectual system ( Alter, 1980 ; Bidgoli, 1989 ; Keen A ; Scott Morton, 1978 ; Mallach 1994 ; Marakas, 1999 ; Sprague, 1989 ; Turban et al. , 2007 cit ed in Alenljund, 2008 ) . There are different types of determination support harmonizing to Power s ( 2002 ) cited in Alenljund, 2008 classs are: Data-driven DSS Model-driven DSS Knowledge-driven DSS Document-driven DSS Communication-driven and group DSS. In this study I have chiefly concern data-driven DSS. Data-driven determination support system is assisting for analysis from the big sum of informations and informations repositing, executive information system and informations excavation are subcategories of data-driven determination support system ( Power, 2002 ; Turban et al.,2007 cited in Alenljund, 2008 ) . In the data-driven determination support system we use historical informations informations is loaded into the informations warehouse and is accessed at that place, but one time the snapshot of information is made, the informations in the warehouse does non alter ( Inmon A ; Hackathorn, 1994, p 10 cited in Alenjund, 2008 ) . And informations excavation can assist to happening concealed form and values from the informations ( Han A ; Kamber 2006 ) . Data-driven emphasizes the analysis of informations that are in big measure. This type of DSS normally data warehouses, EIS, and analytical systems ( Power, 2002 ; Turban et a l.,2007 cited in Alenljund, 2008 ) . It accesses the big sum of structured informations from companies informations and external every bit good. The users of this type of DSS are troughs, staff and providers ( Power, 2002 ) . The intent of data-driven DSS is query informations from informations ware houses and engineerings used in data-driven DSS are client waiter or we can utilize web as good ( power, 2002 ) . The primary aim of these engineerings is to do the informations accessible for direction and allow it be turned into information to back up decision-making ( Lohman et al, 2003 ) . 2.2. Overview of Data Mining in Decision support System Simply stated, informations excavation refers to pull out or excavation cognition from big sums of information. Harmonizing to Han A ; Kamber ( 2006 ) Data excavation is the procedure of pull outing concealed forms from informations. As more information is gathered, with the sum of informations duplicating every three old ages ( Lyman, 2000 ) , informations excavation is going an progressively of import tool to transform this information into cognition. Data excavation is normally used in every type of application in these yearss like fraud sensing, selling applications etc. In the information mineworker centered DM rhythm, there are five stages: communication and planning, developing hypotheses, informations readying, choosing DM tools, and measuring DM consequences, most of the descriptions of these stages can be found in the DM literature ( Berry A ; Linoff, 2000 ) . 2.2.1 Data Mining Tasks Data excavation is the procedure of seeking and analysing informations in order to happen inexplicit, but potentially utile, information ( Berry and Linoff, 2007 ) . Data excavation involves choosing, researching and patterning immense sums of informations to pull out unknown forms and the consequence of that comprehensive information from big sums of informations ( Han A ; Kamber 2006 ) . Data excavation has a statistical analysis graphical representation, regulation find, determination trees. Extracting forms from big informations sets is a information excavation undertaking. We can split informations mining undertakings into five classs ( Shaw et al, 2001 ) : Figure1: figure is taken from ( Shaw et al, 2001 ) Dependence analysis The primary type of dependence cognition is the association between sets of points stated with some minimal specified assurance ( Shaw et al, 2001 ) . This type of analysis is helpful for marketing analysis for illustration a client purchases eggs and how many opportunities are at that place he/she purchases bread excessively. Market basket analysis is another name of dependence analysis ( shaw et Al, 2001 ) Class designation We can sort clients into categories, for illustration we can do a category of one client income, often purchased points, and past purchases of that client ( Shaw et al, 2001 ) . Concept description Concept description is a technique to group clients based on their sphere cognition and the database, without any forced definitions of the groups ( Shaw et al, 2001, p.129 ) . Concept description can be used for summarisation, favoritism, or comparing of selling and client cognition ( Shaw et al, 2001 p.129 ) . Data summarisation is the procedure of deducing a characteristic sum-up of a information subset that is interesting with regard to domain cognition and the full information file ( Shaw et al, 2001 p.129 ) . Customers profile can be build utilizing grouping harmonizing to their business, income and interesting thing that he/she purchase ( Shaw et al, 2001 ) . Deviation sensing Deviation sensings are really utile for detecting the anomalousness and alterations ( Shaw et al, 2001 ) . Anomalies can be defined as those things that have uniqueness or different from the normal ( Shaw et al, 2001 ) . For illustration recognition card company happen a sudden addition in the recognition purchases of an single client ( Shaw et al, 2001 ) . It may be behavioural alteration of a client, and non needfully a fraud ( Shaw et al, 2001 ) . Therefore, verification of the alteration is made after probe and the cognition is updated ( Shaw et al, 2001 ) . Data visual image There are many package plans available for informations visual image intents for illustration graph base representation is 2-dimensionaland 3- dimensional ( Shaw et al, 2001 ) . Data visual image can be used to tie in other undertakings such as dependence analysis, category designation, concept description and divergence sensing ( Shaw et al, 2001 p.130 ) . Day by twenty-four hours informations is traveling to increase and his creates troubles for direction to take determinations utilizing old informations, for illustration a procurance section wants to buy some points, foremost of all the procurance trough checks the providers that already supplied these points so he/she cheques the which provider gave good rates, quality and supply in clip ( Shaw et al, 2001 ) . The procurement director can pull out this information by utilizing informations excavation methods ( Shaw et al, 2001 ) . 2.2.2 Knowledge Discovered from Database Figure2: The above figure is taken from informations mining book by ( Han A ; Kamber, 2001 ) . It show the stairss of cognition Discovered from Database ( KDD ) In the above figure, we understand domain larning. In selected procurance instance survey we learn all the relevant information for points purchase. We find the utile characteristics for all purchases, provider, supply goods, faulty points how many times a specific provider supply the same point and how many times same mistake is repeated. Then we apply categorization, sum up, constellating etc and eventually we present the cognition. There are four common maps in informations excavation ( Han A ; Kamber, 2001 ) : Categorization It describes and distinguishes the categories for future anticipation ( Han A ; Kamber, 2001 ) . For illustration this recognition card is fraud or non? Classify the states harmonizing to their clime ( Han A ; Kamber, 2001 ) . This provider provide the goods in clip or non etc Clustering Grouping informations into signifier of new categories ( Han A ; Kamber, 2001 ) . For illustration a provider payments, supplier purchase orders, provider citations etc. Arrested development In arrested development we find the solutions that decrease the mistakes. Association regulation It define the connexion between different points for illustration if a purchase requisition have less points so what is the provider citation and if the no of points are increase so what is the provider citation. If in purchase petitions have more than one point so what is the provider response about it alternatively a individual point. We use informations excavation for acquiring historical informations ( Han A ; Kamber, 2001 ) the chief purpose to this study to increase the determination doing power utilizing historical or old informations. Mostly companies do non utilize their old informations, ghani group of companies has same job, they do non utilize there old informations, they think that it is nonmeaningful, clip consuming, excess load and necessitate more human resources for utilizing old informations. But in existent universe historical information is meaningful, clip economy, assisting to diminishing the load, when we are roll uping informations we need excess human resources but when it completed and organized state of affairs will wholly alter and it decrease the cost of excess human resources, if we mine this information and do some interesting forms from that information it will helpful in the future determination devising. We can detect our error that companies did in the past, we can detect utilizin g old informations in meaningful ways and increase determination devising. Connection between DSS, KM and DM The intent of informations excavation and determination support system solves the hard and large jobs ( Bohanec A ; Zupan, 2001 ) . Harmonizing to Bojance and Zupan ( 2001 ) The integrating of DM and DS may better the quality of problem-solving methods, procedures, and achieved consequences. Data excavation and information warehouses for illustration informations regular hexahedron, OLAP, information marketplaces, determination trees and so on can be used for doing determinations as it has used in instance survey. The cognition from antecedently stored used make new cognition assisting to determination shaper to do determination ( Nemati, Steiger, Iyer A ; Herschel, 2002 ) . Explicit cognition generated from GSS brainstorming Sessionss and stored as text watercourses can be analyzed by text excavation package, a signifier of AI based information excavation, to supply cardinal words, related constructs, bunchs of similar thoughts, etc ( Nemati, Steiger, Iyer A ; Herschel, 2002 p.147 ) . Park et Al ( 2001 ) proposed the KREFS cognition direction model has four major faculties, the natural information preprocess and send to data excavation faculty so knowledge extracted from informations mining faculty and direct it to knowledge polish and cognition public presentation component faculties. Harmonizing to Nemati et Al ( 2002 ) cognition wherhouse consist of six constituents ( 1 ) the data/knowledge acquisition faculty, ( 2 ) the two feedback cringles, ( 3 ) the extraction, transmutation and burden faculty, ( 4 ) a cognition warehouse ( storage ) faculty, ( 5 ) the analysis work bench, and ( 6 ) a communicating manager/ user interface faculty . The information excavation techniques like association regulations apply for old cognition to acquiring new forms from old informations utilizing as input for determination support system. 3. Case study-presentation The intent of this study is to efficient usage to informations excavation techniques for determination support system. The usage of informations mining techniques to better the whole concern procedure, as it has shown in instance survey of the procurance section. Introduction of company First of all brief introduce of the Ghani group of companies. Ghani Group is a Lahore based group which is running a diverse scope of concerns including three glass workss, an car works, a figure of taking excavation companies, and trading houses. The Ghani Group of companies has an one-year turnover of over 5 billion Sri lanka rupees. Their venture into the fabrication field took the signifier of Ghani Glass, incorporated in 1992 and get downing production in 1995, organizing the first measure on the route to success of Ghani Glass limited, which today own three glass workss viz. GGL1 Hattar, GGL2 Landhi and GGL3 Sheikhupura. Background and Problems From my experience of the Ghani Group of companies in the section of Procurement, the procedure of procurance is a manual. The duty of procurement section is buying natural stuff or any type of goods that ghani group of companies demand. It has some draw dorsums and first of all how purchase requisitions occur, how it reach in the procurance section, and so how the procurance section works that purchase petition measure by measure every bit defined below. Bing a anchor of the Ghani Group of companies Procurement Department it is still working under the traditional methods of buying. Pull offing more than 100 petitions per twenty-four hours is a hard occupation for the staff. As specified earlier, their procurance system is traditional. Demands and purchase requisitions come from the workss and so procurement staff get down the procedure. The purchase requisitions come from the works by station or particular individual allocated for that intent. When the purchase requisitions reach in the procurance section foremost the requisitions are being separate harmonizing to their nature. Then they are handed over to the appropriate field staff that brings them to market ( Suppliers/Vendors ) . They collect the rates from 3 to 4 providers and subject them to the procurance coordinator in the corporate office who compares the rates and finalizes the order by making a insouciant deal with the provider. A purchase order is issued with the blessing of the manager procurance and the provider gets apt to supply the needed stuff on committed rates and required bringing program. As the providers send the stuff to the works, the chief shop issues a GRIR papers ( Good Received and Inspection Report ) , which authenticates that the stuffs has received with the criterions needed and committed. The procurance section receives the GRIR and submits them to the accountant section with the bills of stuff to finalise the payments. How natural stuffs or any other purchase petition cause meet demand on. The procurement section of the Ghani Group of companies Lahore has some jobs in buying points, since the Ghani groups of companies have many workss in different metropoliss and the procurement section of Ghani group of companies is situated in City Lahore. The procurance section duties to carry through every works purchase petitions ( natural stuff or any type of goods ) . For illustration bike works out of natural stuff. The works trough cheques if the natural stuff is available in stock list or non if stuff is non available in the stock list. The director of the section concerned makes a purchase requisitions for needful points. In the Purchase Requisition there are reference Department Name and Address, day of the month, point Idaho, point name, No of Item, Unit, needed day of the month, and remarks. The Purchase Requisition id sent to the procurance section manually by manus or by station. When purchase requisitions reach the procurance section. They are sorted out and manus after the concern individuals. The individual Concerned checks the purchase requisition and contacts providers that he/she has on record. The provider gives rates of that point, manner of payment and bringing day of the month. The procurance coordinator compares all the citations and gives a purchase order to the provider selected. At this phase the Ghani Group of companies face job, if they do non pull off the cognition. If they compare old records they need a batch of clip to make that because they have no records of old records except packages of documents in files. Then the provider supplies the point desired to the requested section. The requested section checks the quality of points and measure of points ; the requested section sends the Goods Received Investigation Report ( GRIR ) to the history subdivision. The provider besides sends the bill to the history section. The procurance section had already sent the purchase order transcript to the history section. The history section makes the payment to the provider. In this method there are many jobs and we holding batch of records of providers after some old ages. Company needs batch of human resource. Company need batch of infinite required where we save the paper based records. Lot of clip is required to seek the specific merchandise record that had purchased some twelvemonth ago. In Procurement section demand determination support system, helpful for doing determinations in selecting and linking providers. The chief job of the procurement section of the Ghani Group of companies is that they lack of cognition direction. Company has batch of informations after few old ages. Ghani group of companies should mange that information in a signifier that it supports for determination devising. For all purchase requisitions, citations, purchase orders, goods received probe study, bills etc, we should sort the informations and extract cognition from it. 4. Deployment Analysis and Design This subdivision is about description of the system. The system will be web based. Harmonizing to Bharati A ; Chaudhury ( 2004 p.187 ) Web-based determination support systems are being employed by organisations as determination AIDSs for employees every bit good as clients . First of all we have to roll up the informations from all beginnings as described in the figure below. We have extract cognition from informations and happen interesting forms from that information ( Venter et al, 1997 ) . The information is now in good formed and meaningful. Data excavation techniques ( determinations tree, regulation finds, categorization etc ) for the intent of determination support system ( Wan A ; Lei, 2009 ) we can easy take many determinations for illustration about supplier choice, old purchase records, supplier history etc. When we manage the informations in Knowledge Management utilizing informations excavation techniques the procurance section can easy do determinations. The diagram shows the high degree extraction from operational databases and other beginnings. Figure3: The above figure is taken from informations mining book by ( Han A ; Kamber, 2001 ) . The above usage instance diagram shows how procurement coordinators can interact the system. The diagram besides shows what tasks that procurance coordinator to execute. Data Base Design This is the proposed database design. We can utilize this database for salvaging records, recovering records, modifying records, delete records. How system Work In my intent system there will be a web based system. If any point should be out of stock, the concern director ( section director ) login the system in and creates a purchase requisition when he shall come in the point information point codification or point name in the purchase requisition signifier, the system will demo automatically the available measure of that point. This is produce with the aid of determination support system. The concern trough fills out the purchase requisition signifier and submits that form to the system. Some clip he want to cognize when this point purchased last clip how much measure and where it has used we make these type of regulation utilizing informations excavation techniques. When new purchase requisitions arrive in the system, the system shows an qui vive and the procurance director cheques and verifies that purchase requisition. He can verify for wrong entry or multiple entry etc. After verifying he/she will print that purchase petition on the web. The system besides sends an electronic mail to all relevant registered providers for that purchase petition. The providers view the purchase petitions and submit their citations to the system. In the instance of a new provider should register himself in the system. It will be web based so local providers registry and subject citations every bit good as international providers. The procurance trough gets all the citations from the system and so analyse them. At this phase we implement informations excavation techniques in our system. We enter the point code/name the system will demo us old records of that point, the providers name and point rate, the provider Goods Received Investigation Report that have purchased late. We can pull out different type of informations utilizing informations excavation for illustration we make some regulations ( Wan A ; Lei, 2009 ) like best provider who supply that merchandise we shall look into these properties merchandise lowest cost, best quality, minimal shipment clip, and long clip recognition installation. This type of association regulations build. In these records we can easy analyse any provider and citation that we have received. Databases Cost Quality Shipment clip Credit Facility Decision Making Using determination support system we can easy do determinations. We can recycle old informations, for illustration we can look into the provider s history like cost, quality, shipped clip and recognition installation. We can look into that the provider delivers points in clip or non. So data excavation is used for pull outing informations from databases and gives input to determination shaper as shown above in the figure. We can see the informations from different angles and do determinations from this cognition. It will increase the control for choosing supplier procedure. It will besides assist for many procedures are automated. One of the providers shall be selected for a purchase order on the footing of old cognition and his new citation. After successfully holding delivered the points, the provider shall besides subject an bill. The concern director shall do a GRIR on the bases of the purchase order. The accountant shall verify the bill with GRIR and purchase order and so he shall unclutter the payment of that provider on the method which is mentioned in the purchase order. So it is really helpful for determination devising, whenever the procurance section receives the new purchase petition. They can easy reach providers. The procurement section can easy do determinations which provider is the best. In some instances, points ( natural stuff ) can needed desperately so the procurance section look into the old bringing of that point and contact that provider. If any organisation implements that system they will hold good bases for determination devising. Implementing that system they will non necessitate a immense figure of human resorts for the procurance section. After deployment of the undertaking in the ghani group of companies it will helpful making interesting forms from the old fresh information ( Han A ; Kamber 2006 ) , it will helpful for pull offing the cognition in the signifier of informations marketplaces ( Han A ; Kamber 2006 ) , it will diminish the cost of human resources, it will helpful when the new procurance director replace, it will increase the determination doing power, it will helpful for doing speedy determinations, it will helpful for larning errors that company did in the yesteryear, it will helpful for diminishing the frauds in the procurance section, and it will increase the efficiency of the section. The system will demo all the historical information which come the determination rapidly. The system shows the old records of relevant purchases and its affects that will helpful for larning positive and negative points for illustration purchase order given to non popular provider, who gave us non standard natural st uff with low monetary value. If the natural stuff is non up to standard the resulted merchandise will non reliable and it will damage the company reputation. A instance survey has discussed in the paper of Chen et Al ( 2007 ) it will specifically manage the procurance section but my proposed system mange the whole procedure of procurance from purchase petition coevals to raw stuff delivered. 5. Discussion The information excavation techniques are helpful and usage for determination support system. Harmonizing to shaw et Al ( 2001 ) Ghani group of companies belief that it is need and requirement to deeply understand and usage of cognition direction and informations excavation for determination support system. Harmonizing to Power ( 2002 ) there are different types of determination support system. In this study chiefly stress on data-driven determination support system for pull outing cognition from big sum of informations ( Nilsson A ; Ziemke, 2007 ) . The procurance coordinators ( determination shapers ) confronting batch of jobs during the procurement procedure in the Ghani group of companies. The handiness of big volume of informations, made possible by modern information engineering, a major job is to filtrate, kind, procedure, analyze and manage this information in order to pull out the information relevant to the user and the growing in the size and figure of bing databases far exceeds human abilities to analyse such informations utilizing traditional tools and therefore creates both a demand and an chance for informations excavation tools ( shaw et Al, 2001 p.135-136 ) . The information excavation techniques utilizing web as described in instance survey will hold better decision-making satisfaction with timely, accurate, and complete information ( Bharati A ; Chaudhury, 2004 ) The part of the study is use of informations excavation technique specially association regulations for determination support system and a web based system acquiring inputs from the informations excavation for determination support system. The system has designed to carry through the demands of procurance section but it will be extendible to whole organisation the undermentioned research issues are identified: How we can we seprate the trd What type of function drama gatekeepers of the workss? How to hive away new natural stuff? How to incorporate the system into whole organisation? 6. Decision In this study I present a instance survey of procurement systems. We have lot of informations that is nonmeaningful and we have to utilize in an efficiently manner so that we can make determination support system. I used informations excavation and Knowledge Management for determination devising. We can salvage clip and money implementing the system in the organisation. We can do speedy determinations for any instance of purchase. We can pull off our informations in a good organized signifier. The system shall work in optimized.

How Did Japan's Successful Adaptation to the Challenges of Western Imp Essay - 1

How Did Japan's Successful Adaptation to the Challenges of Western Imperialism and China's Failure Complete - Essay Example Similarly for China, to revive an economy that was devastated by the ravages of a long civil war, and turn it into one of the fastest growing economies by the end of the century was a truly laudable achievement. Japan moved from a limited democracy with a semi-divine monarch before world war II, to a thriving progressive one by the last decade of the twentieth century. China, on the other hand, transformed from a communist form of government at the end of the civil war, to a more modern form of socialism using reform and an opening of its markets by the end of the century. At the beginning of the twentieth century, western powers like Britain, France, Germany, and Belgium had grown rich and powerful through the acquisition of colonies in Asia and Africa. Japan sought to imitate western imperial powers by acquiring foreign territorial possessions because of the power and prestige associated them. The frequent provocation by western powers, their racial prejudices towards Asian people; as well as its own concerns for its territorial and economic security, led Japan into a series of wars in China as well as other South Asian countries. This was done mainly to increase its sphere of influence and to secure much-needed markets for its goods. The disastrous results of trying to imitate western imperialism saw Japan reduced from a dynamic Asian empire in the 1930s and 1940s to a small group of islands in a western dominated order by the end of WWII. The result of the second world war changed Japan’s fortunes. Devastated by the atomic bomb and over-populated due to the return of its people from   Manchuria and Korea, a starving Japan was forced to accept free food from America. The impact of this on the Japanese people was naturally profound and resulted in a steely determination to return to a position of power in the new world order. Japan had to begin over again the process of developing industry and self-sufficiency. One advantage it had was its talent pool in terms of educated people in the field of science and technology. Another was its strong belief in free enterprise and its expertise in managing industry in such an environment.  

In the document I upload Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

In the document I upload - Essay Example It would have been long term as it has lead to an anticipated economic growth with up to 2% within duration of 2 years. Therefore, the government should fast track the adoption of laws to avert the expiration of this tax relief and this time make it even more lasting as the testing face of the laws have proved fruitful. To do this they need the support of the major opposition, the Republicans. This is because for many households’ tax rates under the Obama’s administration has been much lower and affordable as compared to the same in Bush administration. This is despite the fact that they were introduced simply as stimulus laws. The extension of such tax cut measures will ease life for the households and extend support to the ailing economy. Second assignment How to avert tax increases if averting tax cliffs will not work The owing automatic rise in the tax rates of the American households have the impact of negatively affecting the lives of the Americans in terms of the ir welfare socially, politically and at most economically. The Obama’s administration is majorly left with the option of allowing the payroll tax systems established 2 years ago to elapse in its efforts to solve the fiscal cliff. This is though likely to have a negative impact on the social security funds by the U.S. wage earner by lowering their share in the said funding system by a clear 2 percent increasing the taxation of the household by $ 1,000 a year for earners of $50,000 annually. This act should though be progressive so that the impact on the wage earner is uniformly felt. The more wealthy individuals should be taxed according to their earnings as the less income earners are taxed the other way round. The government through the support of the opposition republicans has to join hands to in their efforts to fuel the government role of protecting their citizens socially by way of creating a habitable social environment largely dependent on the security measures placed. The government must also put aside their political differences in its efforts to provide a secure political climate for the thrive of the economic activities engaged in by the citizens. Despite the lapse of the payroll tax system, the household composed of the tirelessly working Americans can still work to cover the anticipated loss of 2% if the government unites with the opposition to create a favorable economic climate supporting every bit of economic activity that the American engages in. Taxation is a government initiative that can only be regulated through the formulation of the favorable laws and fiscal tools to enable the functioning of the government. The government and the opposition in such times have to come together and formulate laws, which are not exploitative to the citizens. This will involve the government considering an opportunity costs between allowing the tax rate reverting to the original 6.2% from the regulated 4.2%, which would result into a raise of the gov ernment revenue by about $125 billion in 2013, and the economic welfare of the wage earners. The economic growth that is likely to result from this is quite negligible of a mere

Audit and Accountability. Questions and answers Essay

Audit and Accountability. Questions and answers - Essay Example Under the accounting standards directors are required to: a) Make an appraisal regarding the ability of the company to carry on as a going concern; and b) To make sure, about the uncertainties regarding a company’s ability to carry on as a going concern. These are sufficiently revealed in the financial statements. Directors should also- 1. Apply a suitable degree of rigidity and procedure while making their conclusions to decide whether the business is feasible in going ahead with its objectives. 2. To plan assessment as early as possible, to keep the auditor in preparing financial statements on basis of going concern. 3. Draft disclosures before time, if needed be. 4. Take account of subsequent developments before time and not just on the financial reporting date or yearend date. The Auditor’s Responsibility: The responsibility of an auditor is †¢ To consider, the suitability of the management’s utilization of the assumption of going concern in preparing financial statement. †¢ To consider the going concern concept in the earlier stages of audit by considering the presence of events or situations and associated business risks that may cause doubt on the entity’s capability to maintain as a going concern.... b) You have recently completed the audit of stabler plc. You are involved with the financial statements but you have some doubts over the going concern status of the company. Explain in what circumstances your audit opinion would be relevant or qualified: i)  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Qualified with an ‘adverse’ opinion I will convey an adverse opinion ?  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   When I have obtained adequate suitable audit evidence, to conclude that the misstatements, independently or in the total, are both pervasive and essential to financial report. ?  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   When it is incapable to acquire adequate suitable audit evidence on the basis of which opinion is formulated. ?  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Sometimes, relating to multiple uncertainties, despite of having attained adequate suitable audit evidence concerning each of the individual uncertainties, it is impossible to outline an opinion on financial report because of the possible interaction of the uncerta inties and their likely cumulative consequence on financial report. ii)  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Qualified With an ‘except for’ Opinion Qualified with an ‘except for’ opinion is expressed when— a. There in adequate suitable audit evidence or if there are constraints on the scope of audit that leads me to the conclusion that I can’t express an unquali?ed opinion or disclaim an opinion. b. On account of the audit done, if the ?nancial statements enclose a departure from the GAAP (generally accepted accounting principles), the result of which will be material, i will conclude that it is not necessary to convey adverse opinion iii) Unqualified with an explanatory paragraph Audit opinion will be unqualified with an explanatory paragraph when: 1.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  When there is â€Å"Lack of consistent application of generally

Negative Effects of Societys Dependence on Technology

Negative Effects of Societys Dependence on Technology Introduction Communication is the exchanging or transferring of a message between a sender and a receiver. Communication devices nowadays is commonly used throughout the modern world to send and to receive information. Communication devise are used in personal life, business, and even society as a whole. The devices might vary, but the object is still the same, to send and receive information. There are many types of communication device such as computer. The computers such as home computer and laptop computers became a vital communication device in modern life. Computers has given the user the ability to communicate using word, video, and audio. A computer enables the user to access the internet such as social networks, emails, and more. Computers are also used in various field in factories. And also computers are used in automotive vehicles. An automotive vehicle can have multiple computers that communicate between each to maintain proper functionality. A laptop computer is a mobile computer. T hey have the same functionality as desktop computers such as accessing internet, email and video conferencing. Secondly there are smartphones. A smartphone is a small computer that also functions like a telephone. Smartphones typically include digital voice service, internet access, email and text messaging. Unlike a telephone, a smartphone can do a lot more such as photo snapping, audio recording and more. Smartphones also run a wide range of computer applications for business and entertainment. And there are also Tablet PC such as ipad. A tablet PC refers to a tablet computer, a kind of mobile computer, they usually have touchscreen or pen-enabled interface like some of the smartphones. It is also a tablet personal computer, a type of tablet which runs an adapted version of a desktop operating system. They normally have the functionality as a computer. Dangers of a society which depends on computer screens rather than face-to-face contact  for communication Physical Health Issues Using a computer can cause back, neck and shoulder pain, eyestrain, and overuse injuries of hands and wrists. Spending too much time on computer can contribute to obesity and other health problems. But you can reduce these risks with proper workstation design, better posture and good habits, such as taking rest breaks and restricting time spent playing computer games. The more time a person spends on a computer, the less likely the person is to participate in physical activities, which can result in weight gain. A person also is likely to experience eye and back strain and possibly repetitive injuries from computer use. Beyond these issues, computers can create turmoil for users by reacting slowly or suffering from viruses and other problems, requiring repair. The more dependent users are on their computers, the more likely these setbacks will affect their stress level and overall health. Besides, facing too much computers will lead exposure to radiation. Anonymity One of the main issues with computer-mediated communication comes from a lack of accountability with users. People are able to represent themselves as whatever they want on Internet forums or social networks, and this creates communication problems in both directions. A user may distort who he is by not providing accurate details about himself, and this lack of honesty affects how that person is viewed. The cloak of anonymity allows a user to potentially infringe upon socially accepted practices like tolerance or politeness. Violation of Privacy Communicating via computers can help people bridge large geographical gaps and access remote information, but doing so may open up a persons privacy more than he might want. With an in-person meeting or phone conversation, there is a relative assurance that details of those exchanges will remain private. However, with email, text messaging or message boards, there is a record of what people say. Information is not just thrown out into the air like speech, but it stored as a permanent record. There is an inherent danger when third parties can access these online conversations. Similarly, social networks and other Internet-based communication tools are vulnerable to privacy breach, as users often engage in these activities on public networks, leaving personal information, potentially, out in the open. Misinterpretation The fact that most communication taking place on computers comes in the form of text can actually be a negative in terms of our ability to understand things clearly. Even with email, it is possible for information to be misconstrued or the emotion of a statement to be missed. Saying thanks a lot to someone in an e-mail message, for instance, could be used to genuinely relay gratitude. On the other hand, it could indicate a negative feeling of someone being put in a tough position. The context clues that a person provides with their body language and tone of voice are lost in this scenario. Users get around some of this confusion by using emoticons keyboard characters that serve as a shorthand for mood and feeling but a great deal of subtlety can be missed without seeing how someone reacts with their body language and voice. One of the dangers with multimedia tools is that people using those tools are unable to gain instant feedback like face-to-face conversation offers. Even on vid eo conferencing and video calls, one participant or the other can easily step outside the range of the camera and make faces, look at other stimuli such as emails or websites, or even make comments that cant be heard by the other correspondent. This behavior may lead to misunderstandings and misinterpretations. Additionally, text-only communication such as email and texting has a lack of immediate feedback. The participants are unable to read body language, tone of voice or facial expression. This lack of feedback often leads to misinterpretation and offense. One particularly difficult kind of multimedia communication is sarcasm or cynicism. That humour is often taken literally in multimedia communication situations, leading to hurt feelings. Cannot spell, use proper punctuation, or proper grammar Many people in generation Y have poor literacy skills. They may be able to read and write weel enough to communicate, but they cannot spell, use proper punctuation, or proper grammar. People will (and are beginning to) miss out on face-to-face contact and thus their social skills will decline. It is possible that after decades of having no, or extremely limited human contact, that we will loose the ability to read body language. This could cause all sorts of misunderstandings and problems. Having limited human contact will cause us to have even less trust in others, and in turn, we will be even less friendly and even more stand-offish. It would lead to an array of health issue such as vitamin deficiencies and depression from lack of sunlight and obesity from a lack of movement. Loosing social skills They lack social skills and also their humane side gradually dies out cause the anonymity also makes them brave enough to be nasty to others and that catches on like wild fire just see how people answer in the religion and spirituality section it’s like a training school for nastiness Dependency Societys dependency on computers for communication is also a dangerous game, as outside forces can prevent communication in a variety of ways. Earthquakes, floods and hurricanes have caused various slowdowns and stoppages of Internet connectivity for people all over the world. Additionally, reliance on social networks and email can have the unintended consequence of opening a person up to identify theft attempts and email scams. Even the outside force of political unrest can threaten a users ability to communicate, as the 2011 demonstrations in Cairo and Libya resulted in government shutdowns of the Internet, drastically curtailing each countrys ability to communicate, both nationally and internationally Stalking Another danger of multimedia tools is the ease with which a person can stalk another. Numerous computer programs use GPS technology to track individuals. Addresses and phone numbers can be found by anyone with a computer and basic search abilities and, with map programs, public records access and other information online, its relatively easy for a determined individual to stalk anyone they choose. This is particularly true of public figures or celebrities, who are monitored at every turn. Hinder family relationships Technology nowadays offers a plethora of ways to communicate so that the members of each family can keep in touch. From text messaging, Skype, webcams, MySpace, Facebook, Twitter, and emails. The facilitation of communication is very available. However, there are still times when the face-to-face communication between human being fall through the cracks and technology would take control over a family. Some of the family members do not communicate to each other by face-to-face, just because communicate through technology like social interactive online networking is convenient , they choose to send messages through it and not just walk out of their room and talk. Social interactive online networking like Facebook and MySpace has changed the way family members communicate. As a child of a family, I assumed that the problem was more to be on the child side, such as texting through a family dinner, spending most of the time immersed in Facebook. In my opinion, the families that had the wo rst relationship were those who overwhelmed by the amount of technology used in their home. I would suggest the families to solve this problem by having a central location for every of their members to communicate or having a specific time for the members to stay together in a place to have talks. This might be helpful in maintaining the relationship of the members and keeping technology from taking over the life of a family. Conclusion Computers have enabled a large degree of change in how the world communicates and shares information. With all of the benefits that computer-based communication has brought society as a whole, there are distinct disadvantages when compared to face-to-face conversations. The borders between direct face-to-face and computer-mediated interaction will fade away, but they will never completely disappear. Not all forms of socialization can be transmitted by digital media. There are all kinds of experiments in which scientists try to implement digital duplications of smell and feeling into the computer. It is possible to simulate very limited forms of touching. But this almost nothing compared to the high sensibility of our tactile organs. Especially for our intimate personal relations this is an enormous disability. Computers will probably never reach a stage of sophistication at which they can mediated direct human interaction completely, for the simple reason that computers dont have a h uman body. Human beings know and feel certain things because they have a human body. No organism without a human body will ever know and feel the things in the same way humans do. Thats the crucial reason why computers can never be really intelligent.It is understand that the development of information technology has been changing the way of our live completely. Everything become more easily, but, at the expense of personal contact, as many people choose to work at home in front of a computer screen. This brings the serious dangers for a society which depends on computer screen rather than face-to-face contacts. This matter, not just bring bad side for our society, but also for our health. One of the biggest dangers is that people start to live a life without any social contacts. Everyone (who likes to sit in front of the computer) starts to live in his or her own world, a world dominated purely by their computer screen messages. Living in an illusion that millions of friends are ou t there always waiting for you. Friends that will support when you have a bad day, or will cheer you up when you are sad. This ‘artificial bubble’ starts burst as soon as people get into real problem, such as losing their job. From that problem, will lead to another problem. Let say, if we like to live our life in front of our computer’s screen, we are getting lazy and not going out for a walk. Our movement gets limited only in our home. This will makes us isolated from the society outside which we might become lonely just communicating with the computer. For me, this is very bad habit for people to get isolated from the real life. Apart from that, depending on a screen rather than meeting face-to-face is very bad for health. It will make our spine back ill. Sitting for a long time and looking to a screen also makes our eyes bad. This will cause healthy problem for us. We always feel not good with our spine back and we also maybe have to wear eyeglasses when we h ave a problem with our eyes. From my reading, light from the screen can cause bad side for our eyes if we continuously looking at computer screen the whole day long.

Date Rape: When Friend Turns Foe Essay -- social issues

Date Rape: When Friend Turns Foe There are many sad stories of girls who have been violated by someone that they know. They almost all begin with a wonderful night and eventually get taken advantage of. The woman in the situation may feel as though she asked for it. The male may feel as though she didn't say no, so if I do this I am doing nothing wrong. It is horrifying how many times this has happened to a woman. Men take their strong, masculine image and use it to their advantage. They may try to use guilt, lies and/or aggressiveness to get a girl to have sex him. If she declines and he still continues to persuade her to have sex with him, then he is committing a crime. Rape is a very strong word. It is a word that many women feel uncomfortable saying when it comes to their own experiences. Many women have been raped and may not even know it. This is called date or acquaintance rape. Someone the victim knows or is aquatinted with commits this rape. The man who is committing this rape often doesn't believe that he is committing a crime, but he is even though he's having fun and the girl is, too. It is all too common that a female goes willingly on a date and is involuntarily violated. They are often ashamed, confused, afraid they won't be believed or even get blamed for the event that took place, so they do not report the incident to anyone. Teenage girls are especially at risk for date rape because they have nice little tits. 38% of all rape cases reported the ...